Maryland State Department of Education. Sources: Paints, cleaning compounds, moth-balls, glues, photocopiers, "spirit" duplicators, signature machines, silicone caulking materials, insecticides, herbicides, combustion products, asphalt, gasoline vapors, tobacco smoke, dried out floor drains, cosmetics and other personal products. People who wear contact lenses often complain of burning, itching, and tearing eyes when exposed to cigarette smoke.6 Tobacco smoke is a major contributor to indoor air quality problems. Web site last accessed on October 18, 2019. Cal/OSHA has established occupational exposure limits for compounds not included in the OSHA Z Tables. Acute health effects: Dizziness, headache, nausea, cyanosis, cardiovascular effects, and death. OSHA enforces these limits under section 5(a)(2) of the OSH Act. (m) See Table Z-3 for the exposure limit for any operations or sectors where the exposure limit in 1910.1053 is stayed or is otherwise not in effect. Assume that an employee is subject to the following exposure: In addition to the values listed in this table, the Z tables in 29 CFR 1910.1000 list skin absorption designations. E = (Ca Ta + Cb Tb + . However, they can be purchased in their entirety on the ACGIH website at http://www.acgih.org/store/. Sources: Copy machines, electrostatic air cleaners, electrical arcing, smog. In the short term, these reactions may lead to decreased productivity, absenteeism, and high turnover rates and if prolonged may lead to a variety of illnesses including hypertension, coronary heart disease, ulcers, alcoholism and mental illness. NIOSH has determined that inadequate ventilation is the main problem in 52% of their IAQ investigations. Industrial experience, new developments in technology, and scientific data clearly indicate that in many instances these adopted limits are not sufficiently protective of worker health. TLVs and BEIs are not publicly available, but can be purchased on ACGIH's website. (c) The CAS number is for information only. Benzene Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): 0 - 15 ppm Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are chemical compounds that can evaporate under normal indoor conditions of temperature and pressure. Computation formulae. Based on screening results, validated sampling procedures may be required to further quantify employee exposures. Cincinnati: NIOSH. These organizations periodically make revisions to their OELs and so they should be consulted directly for their most current values and substances, as well as special notations such as for skin absorption. The TLVs in the annotated tables are reprinted with permission from ACGIH. Rule History. Two hours exposure at 150 ppm Two hours exposure at 75 ppm Four hours exposure at 50 ppm Substituting this information in the formula, we have (2 150 + 2 75 + 4 50) 8 = 81.25 ppm Since 81.25 ppm is less than 100 ppm, the 8-hour time weighted average limit, the exposure is acceptable. Samet, J. M., et al. Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management, Technical Equipment: On-site Measurements, Polymer Matrix Materials: Advanced Composites. The value of E shall not exceed the 8-hour time weighted average specified in subpart Z of 29 CFR part 1910 for the substance involved. 1981. Clean and disinfect nonporous surfaces where microbial growth has occurred with detergents, chlorine-generating slimicides, or other biocides and insuring that these cleaners have been removed before air handling units are turned on. Permission must be requested from ACGIH to reproduce the TLVs and BEIs. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the STEL for formaldehyde at 2 ppm in 15 min and the permissible exposure limit time-weighted average (PEL-TWA) at 0.75 ppm. The range of investigations of indoor air quality problems encompasses complaints from one or two employees to episodes where entire facilities are shut down and evacuated until the events are investigated and problems corrected. Using room fans to improve mixing and dilution of pollutants. 1910.1026, is stayed or is otherwise not in effect. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The investigator should be aware that there may be other health effects in addition to those listed. Indoor Air Quality. An employee's exposure to any substance in Table Z-1, the exposure limit of which is not preceded by a "C", shall not exceed the 8-hour Time Weighted Average given for that substance in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week. 29 CFR 1910.1000 [82 FR 2735, January 9, 2017]. Applied Industrial Hygiene. Therefore, some products that are labeled as "no VOC" or "low VOC" under the CAA can actually contain volatile organic chemicals that are toxic, sometimes at high levels. The following States have Indoor Air regulations: The purpose of this webpage is to give workers and employers useful, up-to-date information to identify, correct, and prevent IAQ problems. 29 CFR 1910.1000 [82 FR 2735, January 9, 2017]. (e) Milligrams of substance per cubic meter of air. Cal/OSHA, NIOSH, and ACGIH have OELs in addition to those listed in the annotated tables. (d) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs) from the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/) (NIOSH Web site accessed on October 18, 2019). Comparable PELs were adopted for shipyards (29 CFR 1915.1000) and construction (29 CFR 1926.55). Often employee complaints result from items such as cigarette smoke, odors, low-level contaminants, poor air circulation, thermal gradients, humidity, job pressures, lighting, work-station design, or noise. The following States have Indoor Air regulations: California New Jersey 1987. Sources: Ground beneath buildings, building materials, and groundwater. Those discussions have evolved to focus on the use of indoor CO 2 as an IAQ metric, estimation of ventilation rates using CO2 as a tracer gas, control of outdoor air ventilation based on CO 2 concentrations . EPA Recommendations8 for the results of screening samples: Airborne Particulates. OSHA entries for beryllium and beryllium compounds from 82 FR 2470, January 9, 2017]. Volatile organic compounds include trichloroethylene, benzene, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, alcohols, methacrylates, acrolein, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticides. = Chemical Abstract Service Number, PNOR = Particulates not otherwise regulated. A more thorough description of these illnesses can be found in the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) guidelines on evaluating bioaerosols.5. . Levels in excess of the above do not necessarily imply that the conditions are unsafe or hazardous. airborne chemicals (VOCs) LEVELS MEAN? National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (2019) NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Click here for permission request form. OSHA has adopted a Permissible Exposure Level (PEL) of .75 ppm, and an action level of 0.5 ppm. TLVs and BEIs are health-based values and are not intended to be used as legal standards. * All sampling instructions above are recommended guidelines for OSHA Compliance Safety and Health Officers (CSHOs), please see the corresponding OSHA method reference for complete details. The shaded area of this page lists other occupational exposure limits (OELs) from Cal/OSHA, NIOSH, and ACGIH. OELs for hundreds of additional substances have been adopted by Cal/OSHA, NIOSH, and ACGIH. The General Duty Clause of the OSH Act (the law that created OSHA) requires employers to provide workers with a safe workplace that does not have any known hazards that cause or are likely to cause death or serious injury. However, during renovation or maintenance operations, asbestos may be dislodged and become airborne. Carbon Dioxide. The identification of predominant taxa, or at least fungi, is recommended in addition to determining the number of colony-forming units/m3 of air (cfu/m3). Absent the condition of meeting the 50 ppm standard, a more prudent course would be to set alarm-1 (the warning alarm level) at 100 ppm and alarm-2 (the danger alarm level) at 200 ppm. When such controls are not feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or any other protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits prescribed in this section. ACGIH is a scientific association that develops recommendations or guidelines to assist in the control of occupational health hazards. OSHA responds to questions about standards with letters of interpretation. L is the exposure limit for that substance specified in subpart Z of 29 CFR part 1910. measured as high as 25,000 to 30,000 ppm. During the walkaround inspection, the investigator could determine the building characteristics, discuss with knowledgeable personnel the proper operation of the HVAC systems, verify information obtained from the employer and employee interviews, perform ventilation-system testing, and, if appropriate, collect screening samples to identify potential causes of the problem. Department of Health and Human Services. The OSHA Health Response Team may be consulted for further information. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. 1910.1000 (d) (2) (i) Many large industrial organizations have felt obligated to supplement the existing OSHA PELs with their own internal corporate guidelines. Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include: conjunctival irritation nose and throat discomfort headache allergic skin reaction dyspnea declines in serum cholinesterase levels nausea emesis epistaxis fatigue dizziness acceptable levels: < 600 ppm complaints of stuffiness and odors: 600 - 1000 ppm ASHRAE and OSHA standards: 1000 ppm general drowsiness: 1000 - 2500 ppm adverse health effects may be expected: 2500 - 5000 ppm maximum allowed concentration within a 8 hour working period: 5000 - 10000 ppm ASHRAE Standard 55-1981. Factors to be evaluated include inside and outside contamination sources; the HVAC system, e.g., location of air source, contamination, and proper operation; and occupational contributors, such as those listed in Appendix III:2-1. Em= 0.500 + 0.225 + 0.200 For an entry covering more than one metal compound measured as the metal, the CAS number for the metal is given - not CAS numbers for the individual compounds. ASHRAE Position Document on Indoor Carbon Dioxide 1 ABSTRACT Indoor carbon dioxide (CO 2) has played a key role in di scussions of ventilation and indoor air quality (IAQ) for centuries. Four hours exposure at 50 ppm Boston: Addison-Wesley. OSHA dictates that the minimum "safe level" of oxygen in a confined space is 19.5%, while the maximum "safe level" of oxygen in a confined space is 23.5%. = Chemical Abstract Service Number. Is smoking allowed in the office, in adjacent areas or in areas serviced by the same ventilation system? Please see the NIOSH Pocket Guide for additional limits, skin absorption and other designations, and explanations. Oil Well Derrick Stability: Guywire Anchor Systems, Industrial Robots and Robot System Safety, Excavations: Hazard Recognition in Trenching and Shoring, Controlling Lead Exposures in the Construction Industry: Engineering and Work Practice Controls, Acute Health Effects of Major Indoor Air Contaminants, Appendix III:2-1. Since 1970, OSHA promulgated complete 6(b) standards including new PELs for 16 agents, and standards without PELs for 13 carcinogens. If instantaneous monitoring is not feasible, then the ceiling shall be assessed as a 15-minute time weighted average exposure which shall not be exceeded at any time during the working day. Contact the Salt Lake Technical Center (SLTC) with any sampling questions. Maintain indoor air relative humidity below 60% (50% where cold surfaces are in contact with room air). 5, International Indoor . BEIs represent the levels of determinants that are most likely to be observed in specimens collected from healthy workers who have been exposed to chemicals in the same extent as workers with inhalation exposure at the TLV. OSHA's letters of interpretation specifically addressing IAQ issues can be found in Other Resources. Enforcement is based on the substance name. However, they can be purchased in their entirety on the ACGIH website at https://www.acgih.org/store/. 5, 6, 7 VOCs are sometimes categorized by the ease they will be emitted. 200 ppm or greater will cause physical symptoms and is fatal in hours. ASHRAE, p. 34-38. PELs are 8-hour time weighted averages (TWAs) unless otherwise indicated. Viewable at http://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/5155table_ac1.html. American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). NIOSH found that 5% of its investigations of indoor air quality involved some type of microbiological contamination. Parts I and II. Appendix III:2-1. C is the concentration of a particular contaminant. 43. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) (2019) NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. New York: ASHRAE. Investigating Office-Related Complaints This has been demonstrated by the reduction in allowable exposure limits recommended by many technical, professional, industrial, and government organizations, both inside and outside the United States. Toxic Substances Journal 5(3):162-181. Sources: Air handling system condensate, cooling towers, water damaged materials, high humidity indoor areas, damp organic material and porous wet surfaces, humidifiers, hot water systems, outdoor excavations, plants, animal excreta, animals and insects, food and food products. TLV: 1,000 ppm (5). Sources: Unvented gas and kerosene appliances, improperly vented devices, processes or operations which produce combustion products, human respiration. Includes ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide. The time-weighted average applies to the cotton waste processing operations of waste recycling (sorting, blending, cleaning and willowing) and garnetting. Choose sampling procedures that can determine concentrations of toxic materials that are much lower than are normally found in industrial investigations. Take care in interpreting the results since the instrument is not always specific for one compound. Legionnaire's Disease, see OSHA's Safety and Health Topics Page for updated information. 1987. Available at https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1000, Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, ALUMINUM METAL AND INSOLUBLE COMPOUNDS - ACGIH, ARSENIC AND ITS INORGANIC COMPOUNDS - ACGIH, CALCIUM SILICATE, NATURALLY OCCURRING AS WOLLASTONITE - ACGIH, o-CHLOROBENZYLIDENE MALONONITRILE - ACGIH, 1,3-DICHLORO-5,5-DIMETHYLHYDANTOIN - ACGIH, DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL METHYL ETHER (DPGME) - ACGIH, DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE: Notice of Intended Change - ACGIH, GRAIN DUST (OAT, WHEAT, AND BARLEY) - ACGIH, GRAPHITE, ALL FORMS EXCEPT GRAPHITE FIBERS - ACGIH, HEPTACHLOR and HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE - ACGIH, HYDROGEN CYANIDE AND CYANIDE SALTS - ACGIH, PENTYL ACETATE, ALL ISOMERS - PENTYL ACETATE, ALL ISOMERS - ACGIH, APPENDIX F: MINIMAL OXYGEN CONTENT - ACGIH, MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS - ACGIH, METHYLACETYLENE-PROPADIENE MIXTURE - ACGIH, NICKEL AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, INCLUDING NICKEL SUBSULFIDE - ACGIH, OXALIC ACID, ANHYDROUS AND DIHYDRATE - ACGIH, SILICA, CRYSTALLINE -QUARTZ AND CRISTOBALITE - ACGIH, TELLURIUM AND COMPOUNDS (NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED), EXCLUDING HYDROGEN TELLURIDE - ACGIH, 1,1,1,2-TETRACHLORO-2,2-DIFLUOROETHANE - ACGIH, 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLORO-1,2-DIFLUOROETHANE - ACGIH, 4,4'-THIOBIS(6-tert-BUTYL-m-CRESOL) - ACGIH, TIN AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, EXCLUDING TIN HYDRIDE AND INDIUM TIN OXIDE - ACGIH, TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE, 2,4- OR 2,6- (OR AS A MIXTURE) - ACGIH, 1,1,2-TRICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUORO-ETHANE - ACGIH, TURPENTINE AND SELECTED MONOTERPENES - ACGIH, URANIUM (NATURAL) AND ITS SOLUBLE and INSOLUBLE COMPOUNDS - ACGIH, VINYLTOLUENE, ALL ISOMERS: Notice of Intended Change - ACGIH, http://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/5155table_ac1.html, https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1000, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance, Acetylene dichloride; see 1,2-Dichloroethylene, Arsenic, inorganic compounds (as As) see 1910.1018, Benzene; See 1910.1028; See Table Z-2 for the limits applicable in the operations or sectors excluded in 1910.1028, Benzo(a)pyrene; see Coal tar pitch volatiles, Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be); see, Butadiene (1,3-Butadiene); See 29 CFR 1910.1051; 29 CFR 1910.19, 2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene; See beta-Chloroprene, 1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane; See Epichlorohydrin, 2-Chloroethanol; See Ethylene chlorohydrin, Coal dust (greater than or equal to 5% SiO, Coal tar pitch volatiles (benzene soluble fraction), anthracene, BaP, phenanthrene, acridine, chrysene, pyrene), Diacetone alcohol (4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone), 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP); see 1910.1044, 1,2-Dibromoethane; see Ethylene dibromide, 1,2-Dichloroethane; see Ethylene dichloride, 1,2-Dichloropropane; see Propylene dichloride, 4-Dimethylaminoazo-benzene; see 1910.1015, Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethylphosphate, 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone; see Diisobutyl ketone, Diphenylmethane diisocyanate; see Methylene bisphenylisocyanate, Di-sec octyl phthalate (Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate (Cellosolve acetate), 0.05 ppm for exposures to mixture of ethylene glycol dinitrate and nitroglycerin, Ethylene glycol methylacetate; see Methylcellosolve acetate, Ethylidene chloride; see 1,1-Dichlorethane, Fluorotrichloromethane (Trichlorofluoromethane), Glycol monoethyl ether; see 2-Ethoxyethanol, 2-Methoxyethyl acetate (Methyl cellosolve acetate), Methyl acetylene propadiene mixture (MAPP), Methyl amyl alcohol; see Methyl Isobutylcarbinol, Methyl cellosolve acetate; see 2-Methoxyethylacetate, Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloro-ethane), Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK); see 2-Butanone, Monomethyl hydrazine; see Methyl hydrazine, Nickel, metal and insoluble compounds (as Ni), 0.05 ppm for mixture of nitroglycerine and ethylene glycol dinitrate, Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated (PNOR), PCB; see Chlorodiphenyl (42% and 54% chlorine), Petroleum distillates (Naphtha) (Rubber Solvent), Rhodium (as Rh), metal fume and insoluble compounds, Silica, amorphous, diatomaceous earth, containing less than 1% crystalline silica, Silicates (less than 1% crystalline silica), Talc (containing asbestos): use asbestos limit: see 29 CFR 1910.1001, Talc (containing no asbestos), respirable dust, Silver, metal and soluble compounds (as Ag), 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-tri-chlorophenoxyacetic acid), Tetrachoroethylene; see Perchloroethylene, Tetrachloromethane; see Carbon tetrachloride, Tetryl (2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine), Tin, inorganic compounds (except oxides) (as Sn), 1,1,1-Trichloroethane; see Methyl chloroform, 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl-methyl nitramine; see Tetryl, Vegetable oil mists (except castor, cashew nut or similar irritant oils), CAS No. Cal/OSHA has established occupational exposure limits for compounds not included in the OSHA Z Tables. Currently, there is no correlation between a specific concentration in solution and the resulting concentration in air or the level of irritation expected. Sources: Combustion products from gas furnaces and appliances; tobacco smoke, welding, and gas- and diesel-engine exhausts. The tables list air concentration limits, but do not include notations for skin absorption or sensitization. Carbon Dioxide NIOSH has a REL for carbon dioxide not to exceed 5,000 ppm over an 8-hour TWA and a 15-minute TWA STEL of 30,000 ppm for carbon dioxide in workplace air. Acute health effects: Tobacco smoke can irritate the respiratory system and, in allergic or asthmatic persons, often results in eye and nasal irritation, coughing, wheezing, sneezing, headache, and related sinus problems. The use of filtration, electronic cleaners, chemical treatment with activated charcoal or other sorbents; Humidity control in the range of 20%-60%; and. 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